6082 aluminum tube is the highest strength alloy in the 6000 series, offering excellent corrosion resistance and good machinability.
The addition of manganese provides high strength and low ductility, making it suitable for various structural applications and a common replacement for 6061 alloy.
Specifications of 6082 aluminum tube
- BS L100
- BS L114
- BS1474
- EN 573
- EN 755
- EN 754
6082 T6 Aluminum Round Tube Inventory Sizes
We stock 6082 aluminum tubing in a variety of sizes and conditions, including T4, T6, and O conditions.
We possess an extensive range of molds and inventory, offering customized production and cutting services.Welcome contact
| Description (in) | Diameter (in) | Wall (in) | Length (m) |
| 0.394" X 0.028" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.394" | 0.028" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.236" X 0.031" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.236" | 0.031" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.315" X 0.031" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.315" | 0.031" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.394" X 0.031" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.394" | 0.031" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.748" X 0.035" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.748" | 0.035" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.236" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.236" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.315" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.315" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.374" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.374" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.433" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.433" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.472" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.472" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1/2" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1/2" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.551" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.551" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.63" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.63" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.748" X 0.039" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.748" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.394" X 0.043" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.394" | 0.043" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.748" X 0.043" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.748" | 0.043" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.669" X 0.047" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.669" | 0.047" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.748" X 0.047" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.748" | 0.047" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.374" X 0.051" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.374" | 0.051" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.433" X 0.051" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.433" | 0.051" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.63" X 0.059" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.63" | 0.059" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.748" X 0.059" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 0.748" | 0.059" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/2" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/2" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/2" X 0.080" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/2" | 0.080" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/2" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/2" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/2" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/2" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/4" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/4" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/4" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/4" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/4"" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/4" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/8" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/8" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 1/8" X 1/8"ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 1/8" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 3/4" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 3/4" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 3/4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 3/4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 3/8" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 3/8" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 5/8" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 5/8" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 5/8" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 5/8" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 5/8" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 5/8" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1 7/8" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1 7/8" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1/2" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1/2" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1/2" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1/2" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/2" X 0.080" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/2" | 0.080" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/2" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/2" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/2" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/2" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/2" X 3/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/2" | 3/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/2" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/2" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/4" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/4" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 1/4" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 1/4" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 3/4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 3/4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2 3/4" X 3/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2 3/4" | 3/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2" X 3/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2" | 3/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2" x 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 2" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3 1/2" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3 1/2" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3 1/4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3 1/4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3 1/4" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3 1/4" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3/4" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3/4" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3/4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3/4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3/8" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 3/8" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4 1/2" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4 1/2" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4 1/2" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4 1/2" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4 1/2" X 1.250" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4 1/2" | 1.250" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4 1/4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4 1/4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4 3/4" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4 3/4" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4" X 0.188" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4" | 0.188" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4" X 3/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4" | 3/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 4" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5.118" X 0.59" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5.118" | 0.59" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5.118" X 1.338" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5.118" | 1.338" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5.67" X 1.338" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5.67" | 1.338" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5.708" X 1.338" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5.708" | 1.338" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5/8" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5/8" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 5/8" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 5/8" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 6 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6 1/2" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 6 1/2" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 6" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 6" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6" X 1/2" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 6" | 1/2" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 7 1/2" X 1/4" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 7 1/2" | 1/4" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 7/8" X 0.065" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 7/8" | 0.065" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 7/8" X 1/8" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 ROUND TUBE | 7/8" | 1/8" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube Stock Size
| Description (in) | Side Length (in) | Wall (in) | Length (m) |
| 0.63" X 0.028" ALUMINIUM 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.63" | 0.028" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.63" X 0.035" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.63" | 0.035" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.748" X 0.035" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.748" | 0.035" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.492" X 0.039" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.492" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.63" X 0.039" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.63" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.748" X 0.039" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.748" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.787" X 0.039" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.787" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.984" X 0.039" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.984" | 0.039" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.472" X 0.059" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.472" | 0.059" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.787" X 0.059" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.787" | 0.059" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1.181" X 0.059" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 1.181" | 0.059" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1.575" X 0.059" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 1.575" | 0.059" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1.969" X 0.059" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 1.969" | 0.059" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 0.787" X 0.079" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 0.787" | 0.079" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 1.575" X 0.079" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 1.575" | 0.079" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2.362" X 0.079" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 2.362" | 0.079" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 2.559" X 0.079" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 2.559" | 0.079" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 3.937" X 0.079" 6082 T6 Aluminum Square Tube | 3.937" | 0.079" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
6082 T6 Aluminum Rectangular Tube Stock Size
| Description (in) | Width (in) | height (in) | Wall (in) | Length (m) |
| 4" X 1 3/4" X 0.125" 6082 T6 Aluminium Rectangular Tube | 4" | 1 3/4" | 0.125" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 4" X 2" X 0.250" 6082 T6 Aluminium Rectangular Tube | 4" | 2" | 0.250" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6" X 2" X 0.125" 6082 T6 Aluminium Rectangular Tube | 6" | 2" | 0.12" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6" X 2" X 0.250" 6082 T6 Aluminium Rectangular Tube | 6" | 2" | 0.250" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
| 6" X 3" X 0.375" 6082 T6 Aluminium Rectangular Tube | 6" | 3" | 0.375" | 1-6m(Cuttable length) |
6082 Aluminum Tube Schedule
SCH20, SCH30, SCH40, STD, SCH80, XS, SCH60, SCH80, SCH120, SCH140, SCH160, XXS
Chemical Elements of 6082 Aluminum Tube
| Chemical Element | % Present |
| Si | 0.70 - 1.30 |
| Fe | 0.0 - 0.50 |
| Cu | 0.0 - 0.10 |
| Mn | 0.40 - 1.00 |
| Mg | 0.60 - 1.20 |
| Cr | 0.0 - 0.25 |
| Zn | 0.0 - 0.20 |
| Ti | 0.0 - 0.10 |
| Other (Each) | 0.05 max |
| Others (Total) | 0.15 max |
| Aluminium (Al) | Balance |
Physical properties of 6082 aluminum tube
| Physical Property | Value |
| Density | 2.70 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 555 °C |
| Thermal Expansion | 24 x10^-6 /K |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 70 GPa |
| Thermal Conductivity | 180 W/m.K |
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.038 x10^-6 Ω.m |
| Electrical conductivity | 42% |
Mechanical Properties of 6082 T6 Aluminum Tube
| Temper | Wall thickness (mm) | Tensile strengthMPa | Yield Strength MPa | Elongation % | Hardness HB |
| O, H111 | ≤ 20 | Max. 160 | Max. 110 | 15 | 35 |
| T6 | ≤ 20 | Min. 205 | Min. 110 | 14 | 70 |
| T6 | ≤ 5 | Min. 310 | Min. 255 | 8 | 95 |
| T6 | 5 < t ≤ 20 | Min. 310 | Min. 240 | 10 | 95 |
Advantages of 6082 Aluminum Tube
- Excellent weldability: 6082 aluminum tubes are easy to weld and suitable for various manufacturing processes.
- Good formability: This alloy is easy to form, making it ideal for complex structures.
- Outstanding corrosion resistance: High corrosion resistance ensures longer lifespan for parts and structures.
- Strongest 6xxx series alloy: 6082-T6 is stronger than other 6000 series alloys, capable of withstanding greater weight and pressure.
- Versatility: Its ease of welding and machining makes it suitable for a wide range of manufacturing processes.
- Cost-effective: Despite its excellent performance, 6082-T6 remains an economical choice for high-strength applications.
Applications of 6082 Aluminum Tube
- High-pressure applications
- Trusses
- Bridges
- Cranes
- Transport applications
- Ore chutes
- Beer kegs
- High-tech applications
- Military components
6082 aluminum tube manufacturing process
Extrusion: The alloy is first subjected to hot extrusion through a die to produce tubes and other shapes. This process can be used for seamless or structural-grade materials.
Drawing: For drawn tubes, seamless extruded pipes are drawn through a die to achieve the final dimensions, ensuring precision and uniformity.
Welding recommendations for 6082 aluminum tube
6082 has very good weldability, but the strength of the welded area is lower. When welding 6082 itself, it is recommended to use alloy 4043 filler wire. If welding 6082 to 7005, alloy 5356 filler wire should be used.
Quality inspection report — traceable
Our products undergo strict quality control, providing a complete set of quality inspection reports.
- Ultrasonic Testing: Ensures no internal defects.
- Chemical Composition Analysis: Complies with industry standards.
- Mechanical Performance Testing: Verifies product strength.
- Non-Destructive Testing: Comprehensive hazard assessment.
- Visual Inspection: Striving for perfection.
- Traceability Records: Fully traceable throughout the process.
Equivalent Grades of 6082 Aluminum Tube
| UNS | EN | DIN | ISO | BS (OLD) | USA | WNR |
| A96082 | AW-6082 | AlMgSi1 | Al Si1MgMn | HE30 | AA6082 | 3.2315 |
6082 Aluminum Tube FAQs
6082 aluminum tube vs 7075 aluminum tube
The tensile strength of 7075 Aluminum Tube T6 is twice that of 6082, and the shear strength is 1.5 times that of 6082.
However, 6082 Aluminum Tube has higher ductility and is more easily formable.
6082 aluminum tube vs 6061 aluminum tube
The production cost of 6061 Aluminum Tube is lower. However, 6082 Aluminum Tube exhibits the highest strength performance within the 6000 series metals. It has replaced 6061 Aluminum Tube in many common applications.
Packaging for 6082 Aluminum Tube
- Separate each layer of aluminum bars with pearl cotton.
- Wrap pearl cotton around the ends of each layer.
- Use waterproof kraft paper and moisture-proof film externally.
- Utilize wooden crates, slat crates, or cardboard boxes for packaging.
- Avoid impact, compression, and bending.
